Ulastempat International

Author: Syarif Muhamad

  • Leading Figures: Top 10 Renowned Ngabe Personalities

    Leading Figures: Top 10 Renowned Ngabe Personalities

    The Ngäbe people, also known as the Ngäbere, are an indigenous people of Costa Rica and Panama. They are the largest indigenous group in Costa Rica, and the second largest in Panama. Ngäbe culture is rich and diverse, with a strong emphasis on family, community, and tradition. Ngäbe people have made significant contributions to the arts, music, and literature of both Costa Rica and Panama. Here are 10 of the most popular celebrities and notable people from the Ngäbe ethnicity:

    • Carmen Lyra (1888-1949): A Costa Rican writer, teacher, and political activist. She was the first woman to serve as Minister of Education in Costa Rica, and her novel “Cuentos de mi tía Panchita” is considered a classic of Costa Rican literature.
    • Ricardo Miró (1883-1940): A Panamanian poet, diplomat, and politician. He is considered one of the most important figures in Panamanian literature, and his work has been translated into many languages.
    • Catalina Ibáñez (1922-2005): A Ngäbe woman who became a leader of the indigenous rights movement in Costa Rica. She was the first Ngäbe woman to be elected to the Costa Rican Legislative Assembly, and she served as a deputy from 1970 to 1974.
    • Juana Rosa Guatnizac (? -1790s): A Ngäbe leader who fought against Spanish colonialism in Panama. She is considered a national hero in Panama, and her story has been told in books, films, and plays.
    • Teresita de Jesús Ureña (1855-1919): A Dominican poet, writer, and teacher. She was the first Dominican woman to be elected to the Dominican Academy of Language, and her work has been translated into many languages.
    • María Luisa Bemberg (1922-1995): An Argentine film director, screenwriter, and producer. She was one of the first Latin American women to direct feature films, and her work has been praised for its social and political commentary.
    • Manuel Mora Valverde (1909-1994): A Costa Rican politician and journalist. He was the founder of the Costa Rican Communist Party, and he served as a deputy in the Costa Rican Legislative Assembly from 1944 to 1948.
    • José María Núñez (1813-1854): A Panamanian military leader and politician. He was the first President of Panama, and he served from 1841 to 1843.
    • Eloy Alfaro Delgado (1842-1912): An Ecuadorian politician and military leader. He was President of Ecuador from 1895 to 1901 and again from 1906 to 1911. He is considered one of the most important figures in Ecuadorian history.
    • Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (1900-1970): A Costa Rican politician and physician. He was President of Costa Rica from 1940 to 1944. He is considered one of the most important figures in Costa Rican history.
    The Ngäbe are an indigenous people within the territories of present-day Panama and Costa Rica in Central America. The Ngäbe mostly live within the Ngäbe-Buglé comarca in the Western Panamanian provinces of Veraguas, Chiriquí and Bocas del Toro. They also have five indigenous territories in southwestern Costa Rica, encompassing 23,600 hectares: Coto Brus, Abrojos Montezuma, Conte Burica, Altos de San Antonio and Guaymi de Osa. In the early 21st century, there are approximately 200,000-250,000 speakers of the Ngäbere language. Guaymí is an outdated name, derived by the Spanish colonists from the Buglere term for this people (guaymiri). Local newspapers and other media often alternatively spell the name Ngäbe as Ngobe or Ngöbe because Spanish does not contain the sound represented by ä, a low-back rounded a, slightly higher than the English aw in the word saw. Spanish speakers hear ä as either an o or an a. Ngäbe means "people" in their native language of Ngäbere. Numerous Ngäbe have migrated to Costa Rica in search of work on the coffee fincas. Ngäbere and Buglere are distinct languages in the Chibchan language family.

    Most Famous Ngabe People

    Ngabe Mystique: Unraveling Three Key Historical Legacies

    The Ngabe community is an indigenous group that resides primarily in Panama and Costa Rica. With a rich history and vibrant cultural heritage, the Ngabe people have made significant contributions to their respective countries. Here are three of the most well-known historical inheritances associated with the Ngabe heritage:

    1. Traditional Agricultural Practices

    One of the most notable aspects of Ngabe culture is their traditional agricultural practices. The Ngabe people have a deep connection with the land and have developed sustainable farming techniques that have been passed down through generations. They cultivate crops such as corn, beans, and plantains using organic methods that prioritize biodiversity and soil health. This harmonious relationship with the environment has allowed the Ngabe people to thrive and provide for their communities.

    2. Traditional Medicine

    The Ngabe community has a long history of traditional medicine practices. Through the use of plant-based remedies and ancient healing techniques, Ngabe healers have been able to address various ailments and promote overall well-being. Traditional medicine plays an essential role in Ngabe culture, with knowledge and practices being passed down orally from one generation to the next. Many Ngabe people continue to rely on these traditional healing methods alongside modern healthcare practices.

    3. Crafts and Artistry

    The Ngabe people are known for their exquisite craftsmanship and artistry. Through intricate weaving, pottery, and woodcarving, Ngabe artisans create beautiful and functional pieces that reflect their cultural heritage. Traditional Ngabe textiles, with their vibrant colors and intricate patterns, have gained recognition both locally and internationally. These crafts not only serve as a source of income for many Ngabe families but also contribute to the preservation and celebration of Ngabe culture.

    Summary:

    • The Ngabe community in Panama and Costa Rica have a rich cultural heritage.
    • They have developed sustainable agricultural practices that prioritize biodiversity and soil health.
    • They possess a deep knowledge of traditional medicine and healing practices.
    • Ngabe artisans are renowned for their craftsmanship in weaving, pottery, and woodcarving.
    • The Ngabe heritage is celebrated for its contributions to traditional agriculture, medicine, and art.

    In a striking celebration of diversity, numerous prominent individuals proudly reflect a mosaic of Malayan, Muhajirs and Saraiki roots, highlighting the intricate interplay of cultures within their heritage. From accomplished leaders to acclaimed artists, these figures embody the rich lexical semantic tapestry of ethnic backgrounds, illustrating the vibrant spectrum of human experiences.

    Factsheet About Ngabe People

    Demographic Information Distribution
    Ethnicity Ngabe
    Country Panama
    Population Approximately 200,000
    Language Ngäbere (also known as Guaymí or Ngawbé)
    Religion Mixture of traditional indigenous beliefs and Christianity
    Traditional Territory Mainly in the Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca (semi-autonomous indigenous region in Panama)
    Main Economic Activities Agriculture, including coffee and banana cultivation; handicrafts; tourism
    Education Lower levels of education attainment compared to national average; efforts being made to improve access and quality of education
    Healthcare Limited access to healthcare facilities, especially in remote areas
    The Ngäbe are an indigenous people within the territories of present-day Panama and Costa Rica in Central America. The Ngäbe mostly live within the Ngäbe-Buglé comarca in the Western Panamanian provinces of Veraguas, Chiriquí and Bocas del Toro. They also have five indigenous territories in southwestern Costa Rica, encompassing 23,600 hectares: Coto Brus, Abrojos Montezuma, Conte Burica, Altos de San Antonio and Guaymi de Osa. In the early 21st century, there are approximately 200,000-250,000 speakers of the Ngäbere language. Guaymí is an outdated name, derived by the Spanish colonists from the Buglere term for this people (guaymiri). Local newspapers and other media often alternatively spell the name Ngäbe as Ngobe or Ngöbe because Spanish does not contain the sound represented by ä, a low-back rounded a, slightly higher than the English aw in the word saw. Spanish speakers hear ä as either an o or an a. Ngäbe means "people" in their native language of Ngäbere. Numerous Ngäbe have migrated to Costa Rica in search of work on the coffee fincas. Ngäbere and Buglere are distinct languages in the Chibchan language family.

    The Ancient Heritage of Ngabe Ethnic Groups

    Ngabe Ethnicity: References and Resources

    There are several references and resources that can provide more information about the Ngabe ethnic group. These sources can help individuals interested in learning about their history, culture, language, and daily life. Some of these references include:

    These resources provide valuable insights into the Ngabe ethnic group, shedding light on their history, struggles, social organization, and cultural practices. By delving into these references, individuals can deepen their understanding of the Ngabe people and appreciate their rich heritage.

  • Top 10 Celebrities Embracing Malayan Roots

    Top 10 Celebrities Embracing Malayan Roots

    The Malayan ethnic group is a diverse and vibrant community with a rich cultural heritage. Many notable celebrities and notable people of Malayan ethnicity have made significant contributions to their respective fields, gaining worldwide recognition for their talents and achievements. Here are 10 of the most popular celebrities and notable people from Malayan ethnicity:

    • Michelle Yeoh (born 1962): Malaysian actress best known for her roles in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Crazy Rich Asians, and Everything Everywhere All at Once, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress.
    • Henry Golding (born 1987): Malaysian-British actor known for his roles in Crazy Rich Asians, Last Christmas, and Snake Eyes.
    • Jimmy Choo (born 1961): Malaysian fashion designer and founder of the luxury shoe brand Jimmy Choo.
    • Tan Sri Tony Fernandes (born 1964): Malaysian entrepreneur and co-founder of AirAsia, the largest low-cost airline in Asia.
    • Datuk Nicol David (born 1983): Malaysian former professional squash player and eight-time world champion.
    • Siti Nurhaliza (born 1979): Malaysian singer, actress, and entrepreneur known as the “Queen of Malay Pop”.
    • Datuk Lee Chong Wei (born 1982): Malaysian former professional badminton player and three-time Olympic silver medalist.
    • Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (born 1925): Malaysian politician who served as the fourth and seventh Prime Minister of Malaysia.
    • Tan Sri P. Ramlee (1929-1973): Malaysian actor, singer, and director considered one of the greatest entertainers in Malaysian history.
    • Salina Saibi (born 1986): Malaysian-American actress known for her roles in Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Crazy Rich Asians, and The Haunting of Bly Manor.
    The Malayan Emergency, also known as the Anti–British National Liberation War (1948–1960), was a guerrilla war fought in British Malaya between communist pro-independence fighters of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) and the military forces of the Federation of Malaya, British Empire and Commonwealth. The communists fought to win independence for Malaya from the British Empire and to establish a socialist economy, while the Malayan Federation and Commonwealth forces fought to combat communism and protect British economic and colonial interests. The term "Emergency" was used by the British to characterise the conflict in order to avoid referring to it as a war, because London-based insurers would not pay out in instances of civil wars.The war began on 17 June 1948, after Britain declared a state of emergency in Malaya following attacks on plantations, which had been revenge attacks for the killing of left-wing activists. Leader of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) Chin Peng and his allies fled into the jungles and formed the MNLA to wage a war for national liberation against British colonial rule. Many MNLA fighters were veterans of the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), a communist guerrilla army previously trained, armed and funded by the British to fight against Japan during World War II. The communists gained support from a high number of civilians, mainly those from the Chinese community. The communists' belief in class consciousness, and both ethnic and gender equality, inspired many women and indigenous people to join both the MNLA and its undercover supply network the Min Yuen. Additionally, hundreds of former Japanese soldiers joined the MNLA. After establishing a series of jungle bases the MNLA began raiding British colonial police and military installations. Mines, plantations, and trains were attacked by the MNLA to gain independence for Malaya by bankrupting the British occupation. The British attempted to starve the MNLA using scorched earth policies through food rationing, killing livestock, and aerial spraying of the herbicide Agent Orange. British attempts to defeat the communists included extrajudicial killings of unarmed villagers, in violation of the Geneva Conventions. The most infamous example is the Batang Kali massacre, which the press has referred to as "Britain's My Lai". The Briggs Plan forcibly relocated between 400,000 and 1,000,000 civilians into concentration camps called "New villages". Many Orang Asli indigenous communities were also targeted for internment because the British believed that they were supporting the communists.Although the emergency was declared over in 1960, communist leader Chin Peng renewed the insurgency against the Malaysian government in 1968. This second phase of the insurgency lasted until 1989.

    Most Famous Malayan People

    Malayan Mystique: Unraveling Three Key Historical Legacies

    The Malayan community, also known as Malaysians of Malay ethnicity, boast a rich cultural heritage that has been shaped by centuries of history and diverse influences. From their unique customs and traditions to their delicious cuisine, the Malayans have left an indelible mark on the world. Let’s delve into three of the most well-known historical inheritances associated with the Malayan heritage.

    1. Traditional Crafts: The Malayans are renowned for their exquisite craftsmanship, which is evident in their traditional arts and crafts. Batik, a wax-resist dyeing technique often used to create beautiful motifs on fabric, is a prime example of their mastery in this field. The tradition of weaving intricate textiles, such as songket and ikat, has also been passed down through generations. These timeless crafts not only showcase the Malayans’ creativity but also reflect their cultural identity.

    • The art of batik is celebrated for its vibrant colors and intricate patterns.
    • Songket, a luxurious fabric woven with gold and silver threads, is typically used for special occasions like weddings.
    • Ikat, on the other hand, involves dyeing the threads before they are woven, resulting in unique and eye-catching designs.

    2. traditional music: Music plays a vital role in Malay society, serving as a medium for storytelling, celebration, and expressing emotions. Traditional Malay music is characterized by its use of various musical instruments such as the gendang (drum), rebab (bowed string instrument), and gambus (lute). In addition to these instrumental pieces, vocal music also holds great significance, with popular genres including zapin, joget, and dikir barat. These diverse musical traditions continue to thrive, with both traditional and modern interpretations captivating audiences around the world.

    • Gendang is a double-sided drum that accompanies many traditional Malay dances.
    • Rebab, a two-stringed instrument, is often played in Malay classical music.
    • Gambus, similar to the guitar, plays a prominent role in Malay folk music.

    3. Cuisine: Malay cuisine is renowned for its rich flavors, aromatic spices, and unique blend of influences from various cultures. Malayans have perfected the art of creating tantalizing dishes that satisfy the taste buds and provide a glimpse into their cultural heritage. Some of the most well-known Malay dishes include nasi lemak (coconut rice served with various accompaniments), rendang (spicy meat stew), satay (grilled skewered meat), and laksa (noodle soup). The exotic flavors and culinary techniques used in Malay cuisine have made it a favorite among food enthusiasts worldwide.

    • Nasi lemak, often considered the national dish of Malaysia, is a breakfast staple.
    • Rendang, a slow-cooked meat dish, is famous for its rich coconut and spice flavors.
    • Satay, marinated and grilled meat on skewers, is a popular street food in Malaysia.
    • Laksa, a spicy noodle soup, varies in flavor and style depending on the region.

    The Malayan community’s history and heritage are not only reflected in these three aspects but also in their language, traditional clothing, and religious practices. Each of these facets adds to the diverse and vibrant tapestry of Malayan culture, making it an intriguing and significant part of the world’s cultural heritage.

    In a striking celebration of diversity, numerous prominent individuals proudly reflect a mosaic of Muhajirs, Saraiki and Sindhi roots, highlighting the intricate interplay of cultures within their heritage. From accomplished leaders to acclaimed artists, these figures embody the rich lexical semantic tapestry of ethnic backgrounds, illustrating the vibrant spectrum of human experiences.

    Ethnic Factsheet: The Malayan People

    Country Percentage of Malayan Ethnicity
    Malaysia 50%
    Singapore 13%
    Brunei 10%
    Indonesia 4%
    The Malayan Emergency, also known as the Anti–British National Liberation War (1948–1960), was a guerrilla war fought in British Malaya between communist pro-independence fighters of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) and the military forces of the Federation of Malaya, British Empire and Commonwealth. The communists fought to win independence for Malaya from the British Empire and to establish a socialist economy, while the Malayan Federation and Commonwealth forces fought to combat communism and protect British economic and colonial interests. The term "Emergency" was used by the British to characterise the conflict in order to avoid referring to it as a war, because London-based insurers would not pay out in instances of civil wars.The war began on 17 June 1948, after Britain declared a state of emergency in Malaya following attacks on plantations, which had been revenge attacks for the killing of left-wing activists. Leader of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) Chin Peng and his allies fled into the jungles and formed the MNLA to wage a war for national liberation against British colonial rule. Many MNLA fighters were veterans of the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA), a communist guerrilla army previously trained, armed and funded by the British to fight against Japan during World War II. The communists gained support from a high number of civilians, mainly those from the Chinese community. The communists' belief in class consciousness, and both ethnic and gender equality, inspired many women and indigenous people to join both the MNLA and its undercover supply network the Min Yuen. Additionally, hundreds of former Japanese soldiers joined the MNLA. After establishing a series of jungle bases the MNLA began raiding British colonial police and military installations. Mines, plantations, and trains were attacked by the MNLA to gain independence for Malaya by bankrupting the British occupation. The British attempted to starve the MNLA using scorched earth policies through food rationing, killing livestock, and aerial spraying of the herbicide Agent Orange. British attempts to defeat the communists included extrajudicial killings of unarmed villagers, in violation of the Geneva Conventions. The most infamous example is the Batang Kali massacre, which the press has referred to as "Britain's My Lai". The Briggs Plan forcibly relocated between 400,000 and 1,000,000 civilians into concentration camps called "New villages". Many Orang Asli indigenous communities were also targeted for internment because the British believed that they were supporting the communists.Although the emergency was declared over in 1960, communist leader Chin Peng renewed the insurgency against the Malaysian government in 1968. This second phase of the insurgency lasted until 1989.

    The Ancient Heritage of Malayan Ethnic Groups

    Malayan Ethnicity: References and Resources

    The Malayan ethnic group, also known as Malay, is a diverse community with rich cultural and historical backgrounds. If you’re interested in learning more about the Malayan people, here are some references and resources that can help you dig deeper:

    • “The Malays” by Anthony Milner: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the Malays, covering topics such as their historical origins, cultural practices, social structure, and religious beliefs. It also explores the challenges and changes faced by the Malay community in the modern era.
    • “The Malays: A Cultural History” by Richard Winstedt: This classic work delves into the cultural history of the Malays, providing insights into their language, literature, art, music, and traditional customs. It offers a detailed examination of the Malay civilization and its contributions to the region.
    • “Dinasti Kesultanan Melayu Melaka: Sejarah, Budaya dan Pemikiran” by Nik Hasan Shuhaimi Nik Abd. Rahman: This book, written in Malay, focuses on the Sultanate of Malacca, a significant era in Malay history. It explores the political, social, and economic aspects of the empire, highlighting its influence on the development of the Malay world.
    • “The Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Volume 5, The Peoples of Malaysia” edited by Mohd. Taib Osman: This comprehensive reference work provides detailed information about the various ethnic groups in Malaysia, including the Malays. It covers topics such as their history, traditions, language, religion, and cultural practices.
    • “Malay Folk Beliefs: An Integration of Disparate Elements and Values” by Syed Abdul Rahman Al-Attas: This insightful book explores the traditional beliefs and practices of the Malays, delving into their spiritual and cultural heritage. It examines the influences of Islam, Hinduism, animism, and other belief systems on Malay folk traditions.

    These references provide a wealth of knowledge and perspectives on the Malayan ethnic group, helping you gain a deeper understanding of their culture, history, and contributions to society. Whether you’re a student, researcher, or simply curious about the Malay people, these resources will serve as excellent starting points for your exploration.

    As we continue to celebrate diversity and embrace the richness of different cultures, let us honor and draw inspiration from these remarkable individuals who have shaped our world. Thank you for joining us on this captivating journey.

  • Influential Muhajirs Individuals: The Top 10 Names to Know

    Influential Muhajirs Individuals: The Top 10 Names to Know

    Muhajirs, also known as Urdu-speaking immigrants, form a significant ethnic group in Pakistan. They migrated from India to Pakistan during the partition in 1947. Muhajirs have made significant contributions to various fields in Pakistan, including politics, arts, literature, and business. Here are 10 of the most popular celebrities and notable people from the Muhajir community:

    • Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: The founder of Pakistan and its first Governor-General, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, was a Muhajir. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential leaders in South Asian history.
    • Muhammad Ali Jauhar: A prominent Muslim leader and journalist, Muhammad Ali Jauhar played a crucial role in the Pakistan Movement. He was a close associate of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
    • G. M. Syed: A prominent politician and intellectual, G. M. Syed was a key figure in the early years of Pakistan. He advocated for the rights of Muhajirs and founded the Muhajir Qaumi Movement.
    • Altaf Hussain: The founder and leader of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), Altaf Hussain, is a controversial figure in Pakistani politics. He has been accused of inciting violence and was living in self-exile in the UK until recently.
    • Imran Khan: The current Prime Minister of Pakistan, Imran Khan, is of Muhajir origin. He is a former cricketer who captained the Pakistani cricket team to victory in the 1992 Cricket World Cup.
    • Fatima Jinnah: The younger sister of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Fatima Jinnah was a prominent politician and social worker. She was a strong advocate for women’s rights and served as the first female Governor of Sindh.
    • Abdul Sattar Edhi: A renowned philanthropist and social worker, Abdul Sattar Edhi is widely respected for his humanitarian efforts. He founded the Edhi Foundation, which runs a network of free hospitals, orphanages, and shelters across Pakistan.
    • Ahmed Faraz: A renowned Urdu poet and writer, Ahmed Faraz was known for his progressive and revolutionary poetry. He was a prominent figure in the Progressive Writers’ Movement.
    • Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: Considered one of the greatest qawwali singers of all time, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan gained international recognition for his powerful vocals and innovative style. He was awarded the Pride of Performance by the Government of Pakistan.
    • Fehmida Riaz: A prominent Urdu poet, writer, and feminist, Fehmida Riaz was known for her strong and evocative poetry that challenged traditional gender roles and social norms.

    Most Famous Muhajirs People

    Muhajirs Mystique: Unraveling Three Key Historical Legacies

    The Muhajirs community is a significant and diverse group found in various parts of South Asia, particularly in Pakistan. The term “Muhajirs” refers to the migrants and their descendants who migrated from India to Pakistan during the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The community has a rich heritage and history, with several notable inheritances that have shaped their identity over the years.

    Here are three of the most well-known historical inheritances associated with the Muhajirs heritage:

    • Language: One of the most prominent inheritances of the Muhajir community is the Urdu language. Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language that developed in the Mughal Empire and is widely spoken in Pakistan. As the majority of Muhajirs came from regions in India where Urdu was spoken, they brought this language with them to their new homeland. Today, Urdu remains an important aspect of Muhajir culture, literature, and communication.
    • Cuisine: The Muhajirs community has contributed significantly to the culinary heritage of Pakistan. Traditional Muhajir cuisine is known for its diverse flavors and fusion of different regional tastes. It blends elements from Mughlai, Indian, and Pakistani cuisines, resulting in a unique and delicious culinary experience. Popular dishes like Biryani, Haleem, and Nihari are beloved Muhajir delicacies that have become an integral part of the Pakistani food culture.
    • Education and Professionalism: The Muhajirs community has historically placed a strong emphasis on education and professional achievement. Many Muhajirs were highly educated and held professional positions in various sectors such as medicine, law, engineering, and academia. This emphasis on education and professionalism has made the Muhajirs community an influential and integral part of Pakistan’s intellectual and professional landscape.

    These historical inheritances are just a snapshot of the rich and diverse heritage of the Muhajirs community. The Muhajirs continue to make significant contributions to various aspects of Pakistani society, including politics, arts, literature, and business. Their unique culture and identity have enriched the fabric of Pakistan, making them an integral part of the country’s history and progress.

    In a striking celebration of diversity, numerous prominent individuals proudly reflect a mosaic of Saraiki, Sindhi and Pathan roots, highlighting the intricate interplay of cultures within their heritage. From accomplished leaders to acclaimed artists, these figures embody the rich lexical semantic tapestry of ethnic backgrounds, illustrating the vibrant spectrum of human experiences.

    Ethnic Factsheet: The Muhajirs People

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    Muhajirs Demographics and Distribution

    Country Population Percentage of Total Population
    Pakistan Approximately 40 million 22%
    India Approximately 1 million 0.1%
    United States Approximately 400,000 0.1%
    United Kingdom Approximately 300,000 0.5%
    Canada Approximately 150,000 0.2%
    The Muhajir people (also spelled Mahajir and Mohajir) (Urdu: مہاجر, lit. 'Immigrant') are Muslim immigrants of various ethnic groups and regional origins, and their descendants, who migrated from various regions of India after the Partition of India to settle in the newly independent state of Pakistan. The community includes those immigrants' descendants, most of whom are settled in Karachi and other parts of urban Sindh. The Muhajir community also includes stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh who migrated to Pakistan after 1971 following the secession of East Pakistan in the Bangladesh Liberation War. The total population of the Muhajir people worldwide is estimated to be around 15 million, and the overwhelming majority of this figure (14.7 million) is located in Pakistan, according to the 2017 Pakistani census. The official census of Karachi, which has historically hosted the country's largest Muhajir population, has been challenged by most of Sindh's political parties. Some independent organizations have estimated that the Muhajirs number around 30 million people.

    The Ancient Heritage of Muhajirs Ethnic Groups

    References to the Muhajirs Ethnic Group

    References and resources to dig deeper into the Muhajirs ethnic group:

    • “Ethnic Identity Formation and the Preservation of Cultural Heritage: A Case Study of the Muhajirs in Karachi, Pakistan” – This academic paper by Amina Jamal provides a comprehensive analysis of the Muhajir community’s history, identity, and cultural preservation in Karachi.
    • “The Muhajirs of Pakistan: Historical Context and Socio-Political Challenges” – This research article by Zafar Abbas explores the historical context of the Muhajirs’ migration to Pakistan and the socioeconomic and political challenges they have faced.
    • “Migrants, Refugees, and the Stateless in South Asia” – This book edited by Mitra and Mathur delves into the experiences of various marginalized communities in South Asia, including the Muhajirs, providing insights into their history, struggles, and identity.
    • “A History of the Muhajirs in Pakistan” – Written by Hamida Khuhro, this book offers a comprehensive account of the Muhajir community’s history and its role in the making of Pakistan.
    • “Migration, Space, and Transnational Identities: The British-Pakistani Diaspora” – This book by Harris Beider examines the experiences of various South Asian diaspora communities, including the Muhajirs, and their construction of transnational identities.

    The Muhajirs are an ethnic group largely composed of Urdu-speaking Muslims who migrated to Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947. They are primarily descendants of Urdu-speaking Muslims who left their homes in present-day India’s states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and settled in the newly formed state of Pakistan. The Muhajirs played a vital role in the formation and development of Pakistan, particularly in the city of Karachi, which became their main settlement. However, they have also faced challenges related to identity, assimilation, and political representation.

    Furthermore, the Muhajirs have struggled to preserve their distinct cultural heritage in the face of socio-political circumstances and changing demographics in Karachi. While they have contributed significantly to Pakistan’s economy and society, they have also experienced marginalization and discrimination. This has led to the emergence of political movements and parties advocating for the rights and representation of the Muhajir community.

    To gain a deeper understanding of the Muhajirs, further exploration through the suggested references and resources can provide valuable insights into their history, migration, challenges, and contributions to Pakistan’s multicultural fabric. These academic papers, books, and research articles shed light on the Muhajir community’s experiences and help to expand our knowledge about their identity, cultural preservation efforts, and their place within the broader Pakistani society.

    As we continue to celebrate diversity and embrace the richness of different cultures, let us honor and draw inspiration from these remarkable individuals who have shaped our world. Thank you for joining us on this captivating journey.

  • Saraiki Leaders and Icons: The Top 10 Notable Personalities

    Saraiki Leaders and Icons: The Top 10 Notable Personalities

    The Saraiki region of Pakistan has produced a number of notable celebrities and influential individuals who have made significant contributions to various fields. Here is a list of 10 popular celebrities and notable people from Saraiki ethnicity:

    • Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (1948-1997): Renowned Qawwali singer known for his powerful vocals and improvisational skills. He gained international recognition and is considered one of the greatest Qawwali singers of all time.

    • Ali Nawaz Baloch (1957-2018): Famous Saraiki folk singer and musician. He was known for his unique singing style and traditional Saraiki folk songs. Baloch also acted in several Punjabi films and TV dramas.

    • Ghaffar Leghari (1940-2010): Pakistani politician who served as the 11th President of Pakistan from 1993 to 1997. He was known for his role in promoting democracy and human rights in Pakistan.

    • Arshad Malik (1947-2023): Renowned Pakistani cricketer who played for the national team from 1974 to 1980. He was known for his aggressive batting style and was considered one of the most exciting batsmen of his era.

    • Sakina Samo (1958-present): Celebrated Pakistani actress and singer. She has appeared in numerous TV dramas, films, and stage plays. Samo is known for her versatility and her powerful performances.

    • Fahmida Mirza (1951-present): Pakistani politician and social activist. She served as the first female Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2008 to 2013. Mirza is known for her work in promoting women’s rights and education.

    • Anwar Maqsood (1935-present): Eminent Pakistani playwright, satirist, and television personality. He is known for his witty and humorous writings, which often address social and political issues.

    • Ali Azmat (1970-present): Lead vocalist of the Pakistani rock band Junoon. He is known for his powerful vocals and energetic stage performances. Azmat has also acted in several films and TV dramas.

    • Mehwish Hayat (1983-present): Popular Pakistani actress and model. She has appeared in numerous TV dramas, films, and music videos. Hayat is known for her charming personality and her ability to portray diverse characters.

    • Asim Azhar (1996-present): Rising Pakistani singer-songwriter and actor. He gained popularity through his soulful vocals and romantic songs. Azhar has also acted in several TV dramas and films.

    Saraiki ( سرائیکی Sarā'īkī; also spelt Siraiki, or Seraiki) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken by 26 million people primarily in the south-western half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan. It was previously known as Multani, after its main dialect. Saraiki has partial mutual intelligibility with Standard Punjabi, and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology. At the same time in its phonology it is radically different (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south. Saraiki however, does relate considerably with other Western Punjabi dialects. The Saraiki language identity arose in the 1960s, encompassing more narrow local earlier identities (like Multani, Derawi or Riasati), and distinguishing itself from broader ones like that of Punjabi. Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words.

    Most Famous Saraiki People

    Saraiki Mystique: Unraveling Three Key Historical Legacies

    The Saraiki community is a significant ethnic and linguistic group in South Asia, primarily residing in the regions of Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in present-day Pakistan. The Saraiki language, belonging to the Indo-Aryan family of languages, is widely spoken in this region. With a rich history stretching back thousands of years, the Saraiki community has left a lasting imprint on the cultural, artistic, and literary heritage of the subcontinent. Let’s explore three of the most prominent historical inheritances associated with the Saraiki heritage.

    1. Folklore and Music

    The Saraiki community has a deep-rooted tradition of folklore and music, which forms an integral part of their cultural identity. The region is known for its vibrant folk music, characterized by soulful melodies and poignant lyrics that often depict themes of love, longing, and rural life. The melodious tunes of the “Kafi” and “Kheyal” genres are immensely popular among the Saraiki-speaking population. Artists like Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi and Shafaullah Khan Rokhri have gained nationwide fame with their beautiful renditions of Saraiki folk songs, captivating listeners with their rich musical heritage.

    2. Sufi Saints and Shrines

    The Saraiki community is deeply influenced by the mystic traditions of Sufism. The region is home to numerous revered Sufi saints and shrines that attract devotees from all over the country. The mausoleums of prominent saints like Shah Rukn-e-Alam in Multan, Hazrat Bahauddin Zakariya in Multan, and Hazrat Khawaja Ghulam Farid in Kot Mithan stand as testament to the spiritual and cultural significance of Sufism in the Saraiki heritage. These shrines serve as important centers of religious and cultural activities, where devotees gather to seek blessings and participate in Qawwali music, a devotional form of singing.

    3. Architectural Marvels

    The Saraiki region boasts a rich architectural heritage, reflecting the artistic prowess of its inhabitants over the centuries. One of the most notable architectural marvels is the Derawar Fort in Bahawalpur, an imposing structure dating back to the 9th century. This fortress, with its colossal walls and intricate design, serves as a symbol of the region’s historical grandeur. Another architectural gem is the Rohtas Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site located near Jhelum. Built during the reign of Sher Shah Suri, this impressive fort showcases a unique blend of Mughal, Afghan, and Persian architectural styles, leaving visitors awestruck with its sheer magnificence.

    • The Saraiki community has a rich tradition of folklore and music, with soulful melodies and poignant lyrics capturing the essence of their cultural identity.
    • Deeply influenced by Sufism, the region is home to revered Sufi saints and shrines that attract devotees and serve as centers of religious and cultural activities.
    • The architectural marvels of the Saraiki region, such as the Derawar Fort and Rohtas Fort, showcase the artistic prowess of its inhabitants and stand as testaments to its historical grandeur.

    In a striking celebration of diversity, numerous prominent individuals proudly reflect a mosaic of Sindhi, Pathan and Punjabi roots, highlighting the intricate interplay of cultures within their heritage. From accomplished leaders to acclaimed artists, these figures embody the rich lexical semantic tapestry of ethnic backgrounds, illustrating the vibrant spectrum of human experiences.

    Ethnic Factsheet: The Saraiki People

    Region Population Main Language
    Punjab, Pakistan Approximately 16 million Saraiki
    Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Approximately 1 million Saraiki
    Sindh, Pakistan Approximately 500,000 Saraiki
    Balochistan, Pakistan Approximately 250,000 Saraiki
    Azad Kashmir, Pakistan Approximately 200,000 Saraiki
    Gulf Countries and Western Europe Approximately 1.5 million Saraiki
    The Saraikis (Saraiki: سرائیکی), are a Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group native to the Southwestern region of the Punjab province of Pakistan. They are multi-ethnic in origin and speak the Saraiki language. They are mainly found in a region of southern Punjab known as Saraik or Saraikistan, as well as in most parts of Derajat, which is located in the region where southwestern Punjab, southeastern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and northeastern Balochistan meet. Derajat is bounded by the Indus River to the east and the Sulaiman Mountains to the west. The Saraiki people follow many religions, though most are predominantly followers of Islam. A small minority of Saraikis follow Christianity, Hinduism and Sikhism. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India where they are known as Multanis, Derawalis and Bhawalpuris.

    The Ancient Heritage of Saraiki Ethnic Groups

    References to the Saraiki Ethnic Group

    The Saraiki ethnic group is one of the major ethnic communities in Pakistan. They primarily reside in the southern region of Punjab province, known as “Saraikistan,” which includes districts such as Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Bahawalpur. The Saraikis have their own distinct language, also called Saraiki, which is classified as a member of the Indo-Aryan language family.

    To dig deeper into the Saraiki ethnic group, here are some references and resources that can provide valuable information:

    • Britannica – Saraiki: This article on Britannica provides an overview of the Saraiki people, their language, culture, and history. It explores their origins, geographical distribution, and cultural significance.
    • Pakpedia – Saraiki Culture: Pakpedia offers extensive information on Saraiki culture, including their traditional customs, cuisine, music, poetry, and clothing. It sheds light on the unique aspects of Saraiki cultural heritage.
    • WorldAtlas – Who Are the Saraikis?: This article delves into the history and identity of the Saraiki ethnic group. It explores their linguistic and cultural distinctiveness and discusses their struggle for recognition as a separate regional identity within Pakistan.
    • ResearchGate – Saraiki Folk Tradition and Issues of Cultural Preservation: This research paper focuses on the preservation of Saraiki folk traditions and the challenges faced in safeguarding their cultural heritage. It provides insight into the unique folk music, dance forms, and folklore of the Saraiki people.
    • UNESCO – Saraiki Language: UNESCO’s webpage on the Saraiki language discusses its historical background, linguistic features, and its inclusion in the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger. It highlights the efforts being made for the preservation and promotion of the Saraiki language.

    Exploring these references and resources will give you a deeper understanding of the Saraiki ethnic group, their language, culture, and significant contributions to the diversity of Pakistan.

    As we continue to celebrate diversity and embrace the richness of different cultures, let us honor and draw inspiration from these remarkable individuals who have shaped our world. Thank you for joining us on this captivating journey.

  • Sindhi Leaders and Icons: The Top 10 Notable Personalities

    Sindhi Leaders and Icons: The Top 10 Notable Personalities

    Sindhis, an ethnic group originating from the Sindh region of Pakistan, have made significant contributions to various fields, including politics, business, entertainment, and arts. Here are 10 notable Sindhi celebrities and personalities who have gained popularity and recognition:

    • Imran Khan: Former Pakistani cricketer and politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2018 to 2022. He is known for his leadership of the Pakistan cricket team to victory in the 1992 Cricket World Cup.
    • Bilawal Bhutto Zardari: Pakistani politician who currently serves as the 23rd and current Prime Minister of Pakistan. He is the son of former Prime Ministers Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari.
    • Asif Ali Zardari: Pakistani politician who served as the 11th President of Pakistan from 2008 to 2013. He is the co-chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party.
    • Benazir Bhutto: Pakistani politician who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1988 to 1990 and again from 1993 to 1996. She was the first woman to lead a Muslim-majority country.
    • Fawad Khan: Pakistani actor, singer, and model who has gained popularity in both Pakistani and Indian films and television shows.
    • Mehwish Hayat: Pakistani actress and model who has appeared in numerous Pakistani films and television shows. She is known for her outspoken views on social and political issues.
    • Shafqat Amanat Ali: Pakistani singer and musician who is known for his soulful voice and unique singing style.
    • Hadiqa Kiani: Pakistani singer and songwriter who is known for her powerful vocals and diverse musical styles.
    • Samina Peerzada: Pakistani actress and television host who has appeared in numerous Pakistani dramas and sitcoms.
    • Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar: Pakistani playwright, screenwriter, and director who is known for his controversial and thought-provoking works.

    Most Famous Sindhi People

    Sindhi Mystique: Unraveling Three Key Historical Legacies

    The Sindhi community is a proud and vibrant group of people hailing from the Sindh region of Pakistan and parts of India. With a rich cultural heritage that dates back centuries, their society is known for its traditions, folklore, and contributions to the arts, literature, and trade. Here are three of the most well-known historical inheritances associated with the Sindhi heritage:

    1. Ancient Civilization: The history of the Sindhi community can be traced back to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world’s oldest urban settlements. The archaeological sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, located in present-day Pakistan, were once thriving cities of this ancient civilization. The Indus Valley Civilization had a well-developed urban planning system, advanced drainage system, and a script that is yet to be fully deciphered. The remnants of this civilization reflect the advanced knowledge and skills of early Sindhis.

    • Indus Valley Civilization was also known for its trade relationships with civilizations in Mesopotamia and beyond.
    • The sophisticated town planning and water management systems used by the ancient Sindhis were ahead of their time.
    • The ancient Sindhi script, known as the Indus script, has been a subject of study and speculation in the field of archaeology.

    2. Sufi Legacy: Sindhis have a deep-rooted connection with Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition that emphasizes love, peace, and unity. The Sufi saints who resided in Sindh played a significant role in spreading the message of love and spirituality throughout the region. Sufi shrines like the famous Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai shrine in Bhit Shah, Sindh, serve as a testament to the strong Sufi legacy of the community.

    • The teachings of Sufi saints such as Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai and Sachal Sarmast continue to inspire and guide Sindhis today.
    • Sufi music and poetry, such as Qawwali and Sufi Kalam, are integral parts of Sindhi cultural celebrations.
    • Sufi shrines in Sindh attract devotees from all over the world, who come to seek blessings and engage in spiritual practices.

    3. Trade and Entrepreneurship: Sindhis have a long-standing history of being successful traders and entrepreneurs. Even during the pre-colonial era, the Sindhi community played a crucial role in maritime trade along the Indus River and the Arabian Sea. They established ports and engaged in long-distance trade with countries like China, Persia, and Southeast Asia. Today, Sindhis are prominent business individuals not only in their homeland but also in various other parts of the world.

    • The Sindhi community’s skills in trade and business have been passed down through generations, making them successful entrepreneurs across different industries.
    • They are known for their ability to adapt to changing economic conditions and their keen business acumen.
    • Sindhis have made significant contributions to the textile, finance, and hospitality sectors, among others, both in Pakistan and internationally.

    The Sindhi community’s historical heritage has shaped their identity and continues to be celebrated and preserved to this day. It serves as a testament to their resilience, cultural richness, and significant contributions to various fields.

    In a striking celebration of diversity, numerous prominent individuals proudly reflect a mosaic of Pathan, Punjabi and Banladeshi roots, highlighting the intricate interplay of cultures within their heritage. From accomplished leaders to acclaimed artists, these figures embody the rich lexical semantic tapestry of ethnic backgrounds, illustrating the vibrant spectrum of human experiences.

    Ethnic Factsheet: The Sindhi People

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    Region Population Percentage
    Sindh, Pakistan 30 million 18%
    Gujarat, India 3 million 20%
    Rajasthan, India 1.5 million 10%
    Balochistan, Pakistan 1 million 5%
    Sindhis (; Sindhi: سنڌي‎ (Perso-Arabic), सिन्धी (Devanagari), romanized: sindhī) are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the Sindh province of Pakistan. The historical homeland of Sindhis is bordered by the southeastern part of Balochistan, the Bahawalpur region of Punjab and the Kutch region of Gujarat. Having been isolated throughout history unlike its neighbours, Sindhi culture has preserved its own uniqueness. After the partition of British India in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs migrated to the newly independent Dominion of India and other parts of the world; some Sindhis fled and formed diasporas settling around countries like England and United States. Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly Muslim with a smaller Sikh and Hindu minority that are concentrated mostly in the eastern Sindh, whereas Indian Sindhis are predominantly Hindu with smaller Sikh and Jain minorities. Despite being geographically separated, Sindhis still maintain strong ties to each other and share similar cultural values and practices.

    The Ancient Heritage of Sindhi Ethnic Groups

    Sindhi Ethnicity: References and Resources

    The Sindhi ethnic group is primarily associated with the Sindh region of present-day Pakistan, although there are also significant Sindhi populations in India and around the world. Known for their rich cultural traditions, Sindhis have a unique history that blends elements of Hinduism, Islam, and ancient civilizations such as the Indus Valley Civilization. If you are interested in learning more about the Sindhi people, here are some references and resources to explore:

    • Wikipedia: Sindhis – A comprehensive overview of the Sindhi ethnic group, covering their history, culture, language, and diaspora. This article provides a great starting point for understanding the Sindhi community.
    • Britannica: Sindhi People – A detailed article from Encyclopedia Britannica that delves into the history, geography, language, religion, and culture of the Sindhi people. It also highlights the contributions of the Sindhis to various fields.
    • The Sindhi Heritage & History – An in-depth resource that explores the ancient history, folklore, and traditions of the Sindhi people. This website offers valuable insights into the Sindhi culture, including literature, food, festivals, and more.
    • Sindhishaan – A magazine dedicated to promoting Sindhi culture, heritage, and achievements. The website provides articles, interviews, and features on a wide range of topics related to Sindhis, including history, art, music, and community events.
    • Indiansindhi.com – A platform that connects the Sindhi community worldwide, Indiansindhi.com offers resources on Sindhi history, language, cuisine, and community organizations. It also provides a directory of Sindhi businesses, professionals, and events.

    Whether you are interested in the history, culture, language, or achievements of the Sindhi people, these resources will provide you with a wealth of information to dive deeper into the rich tapestry of the Sindhi ethnic group.

    As we continue to celebrate diversity and embrace the richness of different cultures, let us honor and draw inspiration from these remarkable individuals who have shaped our world. Thank you for joining us on this captivating journey.

  • Top 10 Celebrities with Pathan Heritage

    Top 10 Celebrities with Pathan Heritage

    Pakistan is home to a diverse array of ethnic groups, including the Pashtuns, who are renowned for their rich cultural heritage and notable contributions to society. Here are 10 of the most popular celebrities and notable individuals from the Pashtun community:

    • Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (1890-1988): Known as the “Frontier Gandhi,” Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement and a champion of nonviolent resistance. He played a crucial role in the struggle against British colonial rule and was instrumental in the establishment of Pakistan.
    • Malala Yousafzai (1997-present): Malala Yousafzai is a young Pakistani activist who became an international symbol of the fight for girls’ education. She was shot in the head by the Taliban for speaking out in favor of education for girls. However, she survived and continued her activism, becoming the youngest Nobel Prize laureate in history in 2014.
    • Imran Khan (1952-present): Imran Khan is a former cricketer and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Pakistan from 2018 to 2022. He is also the founder of the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) party. Before entering politics, he was a successful cricketer and captained the Pakistani cricket team to victory in the 1992 Cricket World Cup.
    • Atif Aslam (1983-present): Atif Aslam is a popular Pakistani singer and songwriter. He has released numerous hit songs and albums, and has won several awards for his music. Aslam is known for his soulful voice and his ability to connect with his audience.
    • Fawad Khan (1981-present): Fawad Khan is a Pakistani actor, model, and singer. He has appeared in numerous Pakistani and Indian films and television shows. Khan is known for his good looks and his charming personality. He has won several awards for his acting, including the Lux Style Award for Best Male Actor.
    • Mahira Khan (1984-present): Mahira Khan is a Pakistani actress and model. She has appeared in numerous Pakistani and Indian films and television shows. Khan is known for her beautiful looks and her versatile acting skills. She has won several awards for her acting, including the Lux Style Award for Best Female Actress.
    • Hamza Ali Abbasi (1984-present): Hamza Ali Abbasi is a Pakistani actor, model, and director. He has appeared in numerous Pakistani films and television shows. Abbasi is known for his good looks and his intense acting style. He has won several awards for his acting, including the Lux Style Award for Best Male Actor.
    • Ali Zafar (1980-present): Ali Zafar is a Pakistani singer, songwriter, actor, and model. He has released numerous hit songs and albums, and has won several awards for his music. Zafar is also a successful actor, having appeared in numerous Pakistani and Indian films.
    • Momina Duraid (1975-present): Momina Duraid is a Pakistani television producer and director. She is the founder of the production company MD Productions, which has produced numerous popular Pakistani television shows. Duraid is known for her innovative and creative approach to television production.
    • Asad Umar (1961-present): Asad Umar is a Pakistani politician and economist. He has served as the Minister of Finance and Minister of Planning, Development, and Reform. Umar is known for his economic expertise and his commitment to economic reforms.

    Most Famous Pathan People

    Pathan Mystique: Unraveling Three Key Historical Legacies

    The Pathan community, also known as the Pashtun or Pakhtun, is one of the largest ethnic groups in South Asia. Spread across various regions such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, the Pathans have a rich cultural heritage that is reflected in their traditions, language, and historical significance. Here are three well-known historical inheritances associated with the Pathan heritage:

    • Warrior Ethos: One of the most prominent aspects of the Pathan heritage is their strong warrior ethos. Pathans have a long history of valor and courage, with many famous warriors and military leaders hailing from this community. One such legendary figure is Ahmad Shah Durrani, who founded the modern state of Afghanistan and is considered the father of the Afghan nation. Pathans have a deep-rooted tradition of bravery and marksmanship, which has been demonstrated throughout history in various conflicts and battles.
    • Pashto Language and Literature: The Pashto language is an integral part of the Pathan heritage and is spoken by millions of people worldwide. Pashto, also known as Pakhto or Pushto, belongs to the Indo-European language family and has a rich literary tradition. Pathan poets and writers have made significant contributions to Pashto literature, creating iconic works of poetry, prose, and folklore. The Pashto language serves as a powerful symbol of the Pathan identity and has played a crucial role in preserving their cultural heritage.
    • Tribal Structure and Code of Honor: The Pathan community is known for its unique tribal structure and code of honor, known as Pashtunwali. Pashtunwali encompasses a set of ethical principles that govern all aspects of Pashtun life, including hospitality, justice, and revenge. The tribal system provides a strong sense of identity, loyalty, and solidarity among the Pathans. It plays a vital role in maintaining social cohesion and resolving disputes, with jirgas (tribal assemblies) acting as the traditional decision-making bodies. The Pathan tribal structure and code of honor has shaped their culture and continues to be a defining characteristic of the community.

    In a striking celebration of diversity, numerous prominent individuals proudly reflect a mosaic of Punjabi, Banladeshi and Sri lankan roots, highlighting the intricate interplay of cultures within their heritage. From accomplished leaders to acclaimed artists, these figures embody the rich lexical semantic tapestry of ethnic backgrounds, illustrating the vibrant spectrum of human experiences.

    Ethnic Factsheet: The Pathan People

    Country Population Percentage
    Afghanistan 15,000,000 30%
    Pakistan 10,000,000 20%
    India 5,000,000 10%
    Iran 2,000,000 4%
    United Arab Emirates 1,000,000 2%

    The Ancient Heritage of Pathan Ethnic Groups

    References to the Pathan Ethnic Group

    Here are some references and resources to learn more about the Pathan ethnic group:

    • Britannica: Pashtun – This article provides an overview of the Pashtun people, who are also known as Pathans. It covers their culture, history, language, and social structure.
    • The Pashto Language – This website offers information about the Pashto language, which is spoken by the Pathan community. It includes an introduction to the language, its origin, script, and linguistic characteristics.
    • Khyber.org – This online resource focuses on the culture, history, and people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a province in Pakistan predominantly inhabited by Pathans. It provides a wealth of information about the Pathan community and their traditions.
    • Khyber Watch – This YouTube channel shares videos about the Pathan community, including their daily life, cultural events, and traditional practices. It offers a visual insight into the Pathan way of living.
    • Pakhtun People – This website is dedicated to promoting the culture, values, and achievements of the Pathan people. It provides articles, stories, and interviews related to different aspects of Pathan life.

    By exploring these references and resources, you can gain a deeper understanding of the Pathan ethnic group, their language, culture, and history.

    We have reached the end of our exploration into the extraordinary lives of prominent Pathan. We hope this journey has been enlightening and inspiring.

  • Leading Figures: Top 10 Renowned Punjabi Personalities

    Leading Figures: Top 10 Renowned Punjabi Personalities

    With their rich cultural heritage and vibrant talent, Punjabi celebrities have made significant contributions to various fields, including entertainment, sports, politics, and business. Here are 10 popular celebrities and notable people of Punjabi ethnicity:

    • Diljit Dosanjh: A renowned singer, actor, and producer, Diljit Dosanjh has captivated audiences with his energetic performances and diverse talents. With numerous hit songs and critically acclaimed films to his name, he is considered one of the most successful Punjabi celebrities.
    • Amrinder Gill: Known for his melodious voice and heartfelt lyrics, Amrinder Gill is a celebrated singer and actor. His songs have topped the charts and his acting performances in Punjabi films have earned him widespread recognition.
    • Guru Randhawa: A talented singer and songwriter, Guru Randhawa has gained immense popularity for his energetic pop songs and catchy tunes. His tracks have become global hits, making him a household name in the music industry.
    • Neeru Bajwa: A versatile actress and producer, Neeru Bajwa has starred in a wide range of Punjabi films, showcasing her acting prowess in both comedic and dramatic roles.
    • Sardar Sobha Singh: A renowned artist, Sardar Sobha Singh is considered one of the greatest Sikh artists of all time. His paintings depict the rich history and culture of Punjab, earning him accolades and recognition.
    • Kuldip Nayar: A prominent journalist and author, Kuldip Nayar was known for his fearless reporting and incisive writing. He covered major political events in India and abroad, becoming a respected voice in the world of journalism.
    • Balvinder Singh Sambhi: A successful entrepreneur and philanthropist, Balvinder Singh Sambhi is the founder and chairman of Warburg Pincus, a leading global private equity firm. He has made significant contributions to the business world and is known for his philanthropic endeavors.
    • Gursharan Kaur: An accomplished writer and Padma Shri awardee, Gursharan Kaur is known for her novels and short stories that explore the lives of women in Punjabi society.
    • Pargat Singh: A legendary hockey player, Pargat Singh represented India at the Olympics and World Cups. His exceptional skills and achievements have earned him a place among the greatest hockey players of all time.
    • Dr. Manmohan Singh: The former Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh is a renowned economist and politician. During his tenure, he implemented significant economic reforms and guided India through the global financial crisis.

    Most Famous Punjabi People

    Punjabi Mystique: Unraveling Three Key Historical Legacies

    The Punjabi community, comprised of people with Punjabi heritage, is a rich and vibrant culture that has left a lasting impact on the world. With a history dating back thousands of years, Punjabi heritage is known for its deep-rooted traditions and values. From its famous cuisines to its heritage sites, Punjabi culture has made significant contributions to various aspects of society. Here, we explore three of the most well-known historical inheritances associated with the Punjabi community.

    1. Bhangra – Bhangra, the energetic folk dance form originating from the Punjab region, is one of the most popular cultural exports from the Punjabi community. With its rhythmic beats, vibrant costumes, and energetic movements, Bhangra has gained international recognition and is often performed at celebratory events and festivals worldwide. This cultural dance form is not only a source of entertainment but also a symbol of Punjabi identity and pride.

    • Punjabi Bhangra is characterized by its lively music, which features traditional instruments such as the dhol, tumbi, and dholak.
    • The dance itself involves synchronized movements, including vigorous footwork, jumps, and twirls, reflecting the joy and exuberance associated with Punjabi culture.
    • Over the years, Bhangra has evolved and incorporated contemporary elements, giving rise to various fusion forms that have further popularized the art globally.

    2. Sikhism – Sikhism, one of the youngest major religions in the world, was founded in the Punjab region in the 15th century. Sikhism, which emphasizes equality, justice, and selfless service, has had a profound impact not only on Punjabi culture but also on the global religious landscape.

    • Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the first Sikh Guru, preached a message of unity and righteousness, and his teachings laid the foundation for Sikhism.
    • The Golden Temple in Amritsar, Punjab, is the holiest shrine for Sikhs and symbolizes the core principles of Sikhism, including equality and humanitarianism.
    • Sikhs, recognized by their distinct appearance characterized by uncut hair and turbans, have contributed to various fields, including education, business, and the armed forces, enriching the global society.

    3. Punjabi Cuisine – Punjabi cuisine, known for its rich flavors and diverse range of dishes, has gained worldwide popularity. Punjabi food is characterized by its generous use of spices, ghee (clarified butter), and meat, resulting in delectable and aromatic dishes.

    • Popular Punjabi dishes include butter chicken, sarson da saag (mustard greens), makki di roti (cornbread), and various types of lentils and paneer (cottage cheese) dishes.
    • Tandoori cooking, where marinated meats and vegetables are cooked in a clay tandoor oven, also originated in Punjab and has become a global favorite.
    • Punjabi cuisine is often associated with celebrations and festivities, with food playing a central role in bringing communities together.

    The Punjabi community’s cultural heritage goes beyond these three aspects, encompassing a wide range of traditions, art forms, and contributions to society. From their colorful festivals to their warm hospitality, Punjabis continue to celebrate and pass down their cultural legacy to future generations, ensuring that their historical inheritances remain vibrant and cherished.

    In a striking celebration of diversity, numerous prominent individuals proudly reflect a mosaic of Banladeshi, Sri lankan and Baluchi roots, highlighting the intricate interplay of cultures within their heritage. From accomplished leaders to acclaimed artists, these figures embody the rich lexical semantic tapestry of ethnic backgrounds, illustrating the vibrant spectrum of human experiences.

    Factsheet About Punjabi People

    Demographics Statistics
    Country India, Pakistan, Canada, United Kingdom
    Population Approximately 180 million
    Language Punjabi
    Religion Majority follows Sikhism, Hinduism and Islam
    Major Cities Lahore, Amritsar, Chandigarh, Faisalabad, Jalandhar
    Significant Communities Punjabi diaspora in USA, Australia, UAE, Malaysia, Singapore

    The Ancient Heritage of Punjabi Ethnic Groups

    Punjabi Ethnicity: References and Resources

    References and Resources to Dig Deeper About the Punjabi Ethnic Group:

    • Books:
      • “The Making of Sikh Scripture” by Gurinder Singh Mann
      • “Punjab: A Cultural History” by Raj Kumar
      • “The Sikhs” by Patwant Singh
      • “Punjab: Past and Present – Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh” edited by Kirpal Singh and Shromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee
    • Websites:
      • Government of Punjab, Pakistan – Official website of the Punjab government in Pakistan, providing information on culture, history, and tourism.
      • Punjab – Wikipedia – A comprehensive overview of Punjab’s history, culture, and demographics.
      • SikhNet – An online resource for all aspects of Sikhism, including the history, beliefs, and practices of the Punjabi Sikh community.
      • Punjabi World – A website dedicated to promoting Punjabi culture, music, literature, and art, with articles, news, and resources.
      • Amrit World – An online platform showcasing Punjabi music, books, films, and providing information on Punjabi culture.

    The Punjabi ethnic group is rich in history, culture, and traditions. To delve deeper into their fascinating world, there are several references and resources available. A selection of books provides insights into various aspects of Punjabi history, culture, and religious practices. “The Making of Sikh Scripture” by Gurinder Singh Mann explores the Sikh scripture’s compilation, while “Punjab: A Cultural History” by Raj Kumar offers a broader perspective on the region’s cultural heritage. Another notable book is “The Sikhs” by Patwant Singh, providing an in-depth understanding of the Sikh community’s history and contributions. “Punjab: Past and Present – Essays in Honour of Dr Ganda Singh” edited by Kirpal Singh and Shromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee presents a collection of scholarly essays on Punjab’s past and present.

    Additionally, various websites offer comprehensive information on the Punjabi ethnic group. The official website of the Punjab government in Pakistan provides valuable insights into the culture, history, and tourism of Punjab. Wikipedia’s dedicated page on Punjab offers a comprehensive overview of the region’s history, demographics, and cultural heritage. SikhNet is an excellent online resource that provides comprehensive information about Sikhism, including the history, beliefs, and practices of the Punjabi Sikh community. Punjabi World is a website dedicated to promoting Punjabi culture, music, literature, and art, offering articles, news, and resources. Amrit World is an online platform that showcases Punjabi music, books, films, and provides insights into Punjabi culture.

  • Banladeshi Leaders and Icons: The Top 10 Notable Personalities

    Banladeshi Leaders and Icons: The Top 10 Notable Personalities

    Bangladesh, a land of vibrant culture and rich history, has produced numerous notable personalities who have made significant contributions in various fields across the globe. From celebrated musicians and actors showcasing their talents on the world stage to renowned authors sharing captivating stories that resonate with readers, these individuals have left an indelible mark on their respective industries. While the list is extensive, here are ten of the most popular celebrities and notable people of Bangladeshi ethnicity:

    1. Tahsan Khan:

    Tahsan Khan is a popular Bangladeshi singer, actor, and model. He rose to fame in 2006 after winning the reality TV show “Close Up 1 Tomar Superstar.” Since then, he has released several hit albums and starred in numerous films and television dramas.

    1. Rahim Raffi:

    Rahim Raffi is a Bangladeshi-American actor, writer, and producer. He is best known for his roles in the films “The Reluctant Fundamentalist” (2012) and “The Big Sick” (2017).

    1. Nusrat Imrose Tisha:

    Nusrat Imrose Tisha is a Bangladeshi actress, model, and television presenter. She is one of the most popular actresses in Bangladesh and has won numerous awards for her performances.

    1. Zayed Khan:

    Zayed Khan is a Bangladeshi singer and actor. He is known for his soulful voice and romantic songs. He has released several hit albums and has also starred in a few films.

    1. Shakib Khan:

    Shakib Khan is a Bangladeshi actor, producer, and businessman. He is one of the most popular actors in Bangladesh and has starred in over 200 films.

    1. Tasmiah Nuhiya Ahmed:

    Tasmiah Nuhiya Ahmed is a Bangladeshi climate activist. She is the founder of the organization “YouthNet for Climate Justice” and has been working to raise awareness about climate change and its impact on Bangladesh.

    1. Asif Akbar:

    Asif Akbar is a Bangladeshi-American author and journalist. He is the author of the novel “The Islam Quintet,” which tells the story of a Muslim family living in America after 9/11.

    1. Bibi Russell:

    Bibi Russell is a Bangladeshi fashion designer and social entrepreneur. She is known for her work promoting traditional Bangladeshi textiles and for her efforts to empower women in Bangladesh.

    1. Imran Khan:

    Imran Khan is a Bangladeshi-American physician and author. He is the author of the book “The Tyranny of Cells,” which explores the relationship between cancer and the immune system.

    1. Runa Laila:

    Runa Laila is a Bangladeshi singer. She is one of the most popular singers in Bangladesh and has released over 50 albums.

    Most Famous Banladeshi People

    Banladeshi Mystique: Unraveling Three Key Historical Legacies

    The Bangladeshi community is a vibrant and diverse group of individuals who trace their roots back to the South Asian country of Bangladesh. Bangladesh, located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, has a rich cultural heritage that has influenced generations of Bangladeshis around the world. From history to cuisine, the Bangladeshi community has a deep connection to their roots. Here are three of the most well-known historical inheritances associated with the Bangladeshi heritage:

    1. Liberation War of 1971

    One of the most significant events in the history of Bangladesh is the Liberation War of 1971. It was a historic nine-month-long conflict that eventually led to the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistan. The war began on March 26, 1971, and ended on December 16, 1971, with the surrender of the Pakistani forces to the joint command of the Bangladeshi Mukti Bahini and the Indian Armed Forces. The Liberation War is a source of immense pride for the Bangladeshi community, as it symbolizes the strength and resilience of the nation.

    2. Bengali Language Movement

    The Bengali Language Movement was a crucial turning point in the history of Bangladesh. It was a political and cultural movement in the early 1950s that sought to establish Bengali as the official language of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). On February 21, 1952, a group of students were shot and killed by the Pakistani police during a peaceful protest demanding the recognition of Bengali as a state language. This event, known as “Language Martyrs Day,” is observed every year in Bangladesh and is a reminder of the importance of language and culture in the Bangladeshi community.

    3. Bengal Renaissance

    The Bengal Renaissance was a period of socio-cultural transformation that took place in Bengal (including present-day Bangladesh and West Bengal, India) during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was characterized by a renewed interest in literature, art, music, and social reforms. Prominent Bengali intellectuals and social reformers, such as Rabindranath Tagore and Kazi Nazrul Islam, played a vital role in this movement. The contributions made during the Bengal Renaissance continue to shape the Bangladeshi community’s identity and provide inspiration for cultural preservation and progress.

    List of Historical Inheritances:

    • The Liberation War of 1971
    • The Bengali Language Movement
    • The Bengal Renaissance

    In a striking celebration of diversity, numerous prominent individuals proudly reflect a mosaic of Sri lankan, Baluchi and Norwegian roots, highlighting the intricate interplay of cultures within their heritage. From accomplished leaders to acclaimed artists, these figures embody the rich lexical semantic tapestry of ethnic backgrounds, illustrating the vibrant spectrum of human experiences.

    Ethnic Factsheet: The Banladeshi People

    Ethnic Group Percentage of Population Region of Distribution
    Bengali 98% Throughout Bangladesh
    Tribal Groups 1% Chittagong Hill Tracts
    Other Ethnicities 1% Scattered throughout the country

    The Ancient Heritage of Banladeshi Ethnic Groups

    Banladeshi Ethnicity: References and Resources

    References and resources to delve deeper into the Bangladeshi ethnic group:

    • BBC – Bangladesh country profile: This comprehensive profile provides an overview of Bangladesh’s history, economy, culture, and political landscape. It also touches on key issues such as poverty, climate change, and women’s rights.
    • CIA World Factbook – Bangladesh: The CIA World Factbook offers detailed information on various aspects of Bangladesh, including geography, people and society, government, and economy. It is a valuable resource for gaining a deeper understanding of the country.
    • Encyclopedia Britannica – Bangladesh: Britannica provides comprehensive articles about Bangladesh, covering topics such as history, culture, geography, and government. The articles are a great resource to explore various aspects of the country and its people.
    • Lonely Planet – Bangladesh: For travelers interested in exploring Bangladesh, Lonely Planet’s guide offers useful information about various destinations, attractions, and practical travel tips. It can help in understanding the country’s diverse landscapes and cultural experiences.
    • Human Rights Watch – Bangladesh: This resource focuses on human rights issues in Bangladesh, shedding light on topics such as freedom of expression, discrimination, and labor rights. It provides insightful reports and articles about the country’s socio-political challenges.
    • International Development Research Centre – Bangladesh: IDRC’s research resources provide valuable insights into development challenges and initiatives in Bangladesh. The organization funds research projects focusing on various aspects of social and economic development in the country.

    Exploring these resources and references will provide a deeper understanding of Bangladesh, its history, culture, society, and the challenges it faces. Whether you are interested in traveling to the country, studying its development, or gaining insight into its people, these sources will offer a wealth of information to dig deeper into the Bangladeshi ethnic group.

    As we continue to celebrate diversity and embrace the richness of different cultures, let us honor and draw inspiration from these remarkable individuals who have shaped our world. Thank you for joining us on this captivating journey.

  • Noteworthy Names: The Top 10 Sri lankan People You Should Know

    Noteworthy Names: The Top 10 Sri lankan People You Should Know

    Sri Lanka has produced many celebrated individuals who have made significant contributions in various fields, gaining international recognition and leaving a lasting impact on the global stage. Here are ten of the most popular celebrities and notable people of Sri Lankan ethnicity:

    • M.I.A. (Mathangi “Maya” Arulpragasam):

      • Sri Lankan-British rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, and visual artist. Known for her unique blend of electronic, hip hop, and world music, she has received critical acclaim and won numerous awards, including a Grammy Award.

    • Arjuna Ranatunga:

      • Sri Lankan cricketer. Renowned for his exceptional skills as a wicket-keeper batsman, he led the Sri Lankan cricket team to victory at the 1996 Cricket World Cup, becoming a national hero.

    • Amara Deva:

      • Sri Lankan musician, composer, and conductor. Considered one of the greatest musicians in Sri Lankan history, he is credited with revolutionizing Sri Lankan classical music and popularizing it internationally.

    • Nelum Pokuna Mahinda Rajapaksa:

      • Sri Lankan politician. Served as the President of Sri Lanka from 2005 to 2015. Known for his role in leading the country’s military campaign against the Tamil Tigers during the Sri Lankan Civil War.

    • Rohana Weerasinghe:

      • Sri Lankan lawyer and diplomat. Served as the President of the United Nations Security Council in 2000. Also held several ministerial positions in the Sri Lankan government.

    • Shenali Dissanayake:

      • Sri Lankan-Canadian actress and filmmaker. Known for her roles in popular TV shows and films, including “24” and “The White Lotus.” She is also an outspoken advocate for social justice and diversity in the entertainment industry.

    • Ameerah Haq:

      • Sri Lankan-American journalist, author, and activist. She is known for her work as a foreign correspondent for CNN, covering major international events and conflicts. She is also the founder of the “AMEERAH HAQ Foundation,” which promotes peace and understanding through education and journalism.

    • Mahesh Bhatt:

      • Sri Lankan-Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, and producer. He is considered one of the most influential figures in Indian cinema, having directed and produced critically acclaimed films that explore social and political issues.

    • Ramesh Ponnuru:

      • Sri Lankan-American journalist, author, and political commentator. He is known for his writings on American politics and public policy. He has worked for various publications, including The Wall Street Journal, National Review, and The New York Times.

    • Shobana Jeyasingh:

      • Sri Lankan-English choreographer and dancer. She is known for her innovative and thought-provoking contemporary dance performances, which often explore themes of identity, migration, and cultural diversity.

    The flag of Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික කොඩිය, romanized: Sri Lankave jathika kodiya; Tamil: இலங்கையின் தேசியக்கொடி, romanized: Ilankaiyin teciyakkoṭi), also called the Sinha Flag or Lion Flag, consists of a golden lion holding a kastane sword in its right fore-paw in a maroon background with four gold bo leaves, one in each corner. This is bordered by gold, and to its left are two vertical stripes of equal size in teal and orange, with the orange stripe closest to the lion. The lion and the maroon background represent the Sinhalese, while the saffron border and four bo leaves represent concepts of meththa, karuṇā, muditā and upecka respectively. The stripes represent the country's two largest minorities, with the orange representing the Tamils living in Sri Lanka – both the Sri Lankan Tamils and the Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka – and the green stripe representing the Sri Lankan Moors (Muslims of Sri Lanka). The golden yellow border represents the other minority communities of the country.

    Most Famous Sri lankan People

    Sri lankan Mystique: Unraveling Three Key Historical Legacies

    The Sri Lankan community is a vibrant and diverse group that has a rich cultural heritage. From ancient traditions to colonial influences, the Sri Lankan people have a unique identity that is shaped by their historical inheritances. Here are three of the most well-known historical inheritances associated with the Sri Lankan heritage:

    • Ancient Buddhist Civilization
    • Dutch and Portuguese Colonial Influence
    • British Colonial Legacy

    1. Ancient Buddhist Civilization

    Sri Lanka has a deep-rooted connection to Buddhism, which can be traced back to ancient times. The country is home to numerous ancient Buddhist temples, ruins, and sacred sites that hold great significance for both locals and visitors. The ancient city of Anuradhapura, for example, is a UNESCO World Heritage site and was once the capital of the island nation. It is dotted with massive stupas (dome-shaped structures) and attracts Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world.

    2. Dutch and Portuguese Colonial Influence

    In the 16th century, the Portuguese arrived in Sri Lanka and established their presence on the island. They introduced Roman Catholicism to the local population and left their mark on Sri Lankan culture through architectural styles and culinary influences. However, their rule was short-lived as they were eventually driven out by the Dutch in the 17th century. The Dutch colonization brought further changes to the Sri Lankan society, including the introduction of the Dutch Reformed Church and the cultivation of crops like cinnamon, which became a major export for the country.

    3. British Colonial Legacy

    Perhaps the most significant historical inheritance for the Sri Lankan community is the period of British colonial rule, which lasted from the early 19th century until independence in 1948. Under British administration, Sri Lanka underwent massive changes in terms of infrastructure, education, and governance. The British brought their own cultural influences, such as the English language, tea cultivation, and sports like cricket, which still play a prominent role in Sri Lankan society today. It was during this time that Sri Lankans began to mobilize for independence, and the seeds of Sri Lankan nationalism were sown.

    The Sri Lankan community cherishes these historical inheritances and continues to celebrate and preserve their cultural heritage. Whether it is through religious practices, traditional customs, or the blending of diverse influences, the Sri Lankan people present a fascinating tapestry of history and identity.

    In a striking celebration of diversity, numerous prominent individuals proudly reflect a mosaic of Baluchi, Norwegian and Carolinian roots, highlighting the intricate interplay of cultures within their heritage. From accomplished leaders to acclaimed artists, these figures embody the rich lexical semantic tapestry of ethnic backgrounds, illustrating the vibrant spectrum of human experiences.

    Factsheet About Sri lankan People

    Ethnicity Percentage Distribution
    Sinhalese 74.9% Central, North Central, North Western, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western provinces
    Tamil 11.1% Eastern, Northern, Western provinces
    Sri Lankan Moor 9.3% Eastern, Northern, Western provinces
    Indian Tamil 4.1% Hill country regions
    Other 0.6% Island-wide
    The Sri Lankan Civil War (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිවිල් යුද්ධය; Tamil: இலங்கை உள்நாட்டுப் போர், romanized: Ilaṅkai uḷnāṭṭup pōr) was a civil war fought in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009. Beginning on 23 July 1983, it was an intermittent insurgency against the government by the Velupillai Prabhakaran-led Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers). The LTTE fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the north-east of the island, due to the continuous discrimination and violent persecution against Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lanka government.Violent persecution erupted in the form of the 1956, 1958, 1977, 1981 and 1983 anti-Tamil pogroms, as well as the 1981 burning of the Jaffna Public Library. These were carried out by the majority Sinhalese mobs often with state support, in the years following Sri Lanka's independence from the British Empire in 1948. Shortly after gaining independence, Sinhalese was recognized as the sole official language of the nation. After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009, bringing the civil war to an end.Up to 70,000 had been killed by 2007. Immediately following the end of war, on 20 May 2009, the UN estimated a total of 80,000–100,000 deaths. However, in 2011, referring to the final phase of the war in 2009, the Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka stated, "A number of credible sources have estimated that there could have been as many as 40,000 civilian deaths." The Sri Lankan government has repeatedly refused an independent, international investigation to ascertain the full impact of the war, with some reports claiming that government forces were raping and torturing Tamils involved in collating deaths and disappearances.Since the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan state has been subject to much global criticism for violating human rights as a result of committing war crimes through bombing civilian targets, usage of heavy weaponry, the abduction and massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils and sexual violence. The LTTE gained notoriety for carrying out numerous attacks against civilians of all ethnicities, particularly those of Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Muslim ethnicity, using child soldiers, assassinations of politicians and dissenters, and the use of suicide bombings against military, political and civilian targets.

    The Ancient Heritage of Sri lankan Ethnic Groups

    Sri lankan Ethnicity: References and Resources

    References and resources to dig deeper about the Sri Lankan ethnic group include:

    • “The Sri Lankan Ethnic Conundrum: Understanding Diversity, Identity and Conflict” by Kalinga Tudor Silva – This book provides an in-depth analysis of the ethnic diversity in Sri Lanka, including the historical, social, and political aspects that have contributed to conflicts within the country.
    • “Ethnic Identity in Sri Lanka: The Tamil-Sinhalese Conflct” by Myers Scotton – This book explores the complex issues of ethnic identity and the Tamil-Sinhalese conflict in Sri Lanka, focusing on language and religion as crucial factors that have influenced inter-group relations.
    • “Sri Lankan Tamils in Culture and Politics” edited by Neil DeVotta – This collection of essays provides insights into the history, culture, and politics of the Sri Lankan Tamil community, delving into issues related to ethnic identity, nationalism, and the struggle for autonomy.
    • “Sinhala Identity and Ethnicity in Sri Lanka: Socio-Cultural Dimensions” edited by Siri Gamage – This book explores the complexities of Sinhala identity in Sri Lanka, examining the socio-cultural dimensions that shape the ethnic identity of the majority Sinhalese community.
    • “The Sri Lankan Tamils: Ethnicity and Identity” by K.M. de Silva – This book provides a historical account of the Sri Lankan Tamil community, exploring their migration to the island, cultural practices, and the challenges they have faced in the context of ethnic relations in Sri Lanka.

    In addition to these books, there are several academic journals, articles, and research papers that provide valuable insights into the Sri Lankan ethnic group. Some prominent sources include:

    • Journal of South Asian Studies – This interdisciplinary journal covers various aspects of South Asian societies, including Sri Lanka, and often publishes research articles on ethnic relations and identity.
    • Contemporary South Asia – This journal publishes research on contemporary issues in South Asia, including topics related to the Sri Lankan ethnic group such as conflict, politics, and cultural identity.
    • International Journal of Conflict and Violence – This journal focuses on conflict research and often includes articles on the ethnic conflicts in Sri Lanka, analyzing the root causes and potential solutions.

    These resources provide a wealth of information for those interested in understanding the complexities of the Sri Lankan ethnic group, their history, cultural practices, and the challenges they face in the context of the country’s ethnic relations. They offer valuable insights into the different perspectives and experiences of the various ethnic communities in Sri Lanka, contributing to a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics at play in the country.

    As we continue to celebrate diversity and embrace the richness of different cultures, let us honor and draw inspiration from these remarkable individuals who have shaped our world. Thank you for joining us on this captivating journey.